Why Pregnancy Is Not Enough: Judicial Interpretation of “Urgent Grounds” in Child Marriage Dispensation Cases at the Madiun Religious Court

Authors

  • Otavia Berlina Cahya Putri UIN Kiai Ageng Muhammad Besari Ponorogo, Ponorogo, Indonesia Author
  • Lukman Santoso UIN Kiai Ageng Muhammad Besari Ponorogo, Ponorogo, Indonesia Author
  • Iqbal Saujan South Eastern University of Sri Lanka, Oluvil, Sri Lanka Author

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.24260/ijssls.1.2.117

Keywords:

Best Interests of the Child, Child Marriage, Legal Interpretation, Madiun Religious Court, Marriage Dispensation, Urgent Grounds

Abstract

This article examines how Muslim judges interpret the statutory requirement of “urgent grounds” in child marriage dispensation cases arising from pregnancies outside of wedlock at the Madiun Religious Court. Although the two cases share similar factual circumstances—pregnancies resulting from zinā (adultery) involving girls below the minimum legal marriage age—the judicial outcomes diverged significantly. The article aims to identify the factors shaping this divergence and to illuminate how state law, Islamic moral norms, and psychosocial considerations interact within religious court adjudication. Employing a socio-legal approach that combines document analysis of two judicial decisions with in-depth interviews involving three key informants, the study finds that “urgent grounds” is an elastic category heavily shaped by the interpretive discretion of Muslim judges. In the first case, a two-month pregnancy was construed as a moral and social emergency requiring immediate resolution through marriage. Conversely, the eight-month pregnancy in the second case was understood as an indicator of child vulnerability that necessitated preventing, rather than facilitating, early marriage. These findings demonstrate that the dispensation mechanism is not a mechanical application of legal rules but an interpretive arena in which judges negotiate statutory texts, Islamic legal maxims, cultural norms, and the best interests of the child. The article argues that such interpretive variation reflects the interplay among Islamic law, state law, and socio-cultural values in shaping contemporary Islamic family court judgments in Indonesia.

Artikel ini mengkaji bagaimana hakim Pengadilan Agama Madiun menafsirkan persyaratan “alasan mendesak” dalam perkara dispensasi perkawinan anak yang diajukan akibat kehamilan di luar nikah. Meskipun kedua perkara memuat kondisi faktual serupa—kehamilan akibat zina oleh anak perempuan yang belum mencapai batas usia minimal perkawinan—putusan yang dihasilkan berbeda secara signifikan. Artikel ini bertujuan menelusuri faktor-faktor yang membentuk perbedaan tersebut serta mengungkap bagaimana hukum negara, nilai moral Islam, dan pertimbangan psikososial berinteraksi dalam praktik peradilan agama. Melalui pendekatan sosio-legal yang memadukan analisis dokumen atas dua putusan dengan wawancara mendalam terhadap tiga informan kunci, penelitian ini menemukan bahwa persyaratan “alasan mendesak” merupakan kategori yang lentur dan sangat dipengaruhi oleh diskresi interpretatif para hakim. Pada kasus pertama, kehamilan dua bulan dikonstruksikan sebagai kedaruratan moral–sosial yang menuntut penyelesaian segera melalui perkawinan. Sebaliknya, pada kasus kedua, kehamilan delapan bulan dipahami sebagai indikator kerentanan yang justru memerlukan pencegahan terhadap perkawinan anak. Temuan ini menunjukkan bahwa mekanisme dispensasi nikah bukan sekadar penerapan hukum secara mekanis, melainkan arena interpretatif di mana hakim menegosiasikan teks hukum, kaidah fikih, nilai budaya, serta prinsip kepentingan terbaik bagi anak. Artikel ini berargumentasi bahwa variasi interpretasi tersebut mencerminkan keterkaitan antara hukum Islam, hukum negara, dan nilai sosio-kultural dalam membentuk putusan pengadilan keluarga Islam kontemporer di Indonesia.]

References

AC, “Head of the Dolopo Subdistrict Religious Affairs Office,” June 2024.

AKQ, “Secretary of the Office of Population Control, Family Planning, Women’s Empowerment, and Child Protection in Madiun City,” June 2024.

Al Hasan, Fahadil Amin, and Deni Kamaluddin Yusup. “Dispensasi Kawin dalam Sistem Hukum Indonesia: Menjamin Kepentingan Terbaik Anak Melalui Putusan Hakim.” Al-Ahwal: Jurnal Hukum Keluarga Islam 14, no. 1 (2021): 86–98. https://doi.org/10.14421/ahwal.2021.14107.

Antori, Mulyadi, Sukiati Sukiati, and Imam Yazid. “Resolving Marriage Dispensation Cases for Pregnant Women Due to Adultery as Urgent Grounds: An Analysis of Practices in the Simalungun Religious Court.” Jurnal Ilmiah Mizani: Wacana Hukum, Ekonomi dan Keagamaan 11, no. 2 (2024): 300–313. https://doi.org/10.29300/mzn.v11i2.5117.

Aprilianto, Dwi, Farida Ulvi Na’imah, Ahmad Fauzi, and Lu’lu’ il Maknuun. “The Controversy of Child Marriage Culture in the Perspective of Maqāṣid Al-Usrah: A Case Study of the Authority of Lebe’ in Brebes.” Al-Manahij: Jurnal Kajian Hukum Islam 18, no. 2 (2024): 199–218. https://doi.org/10.24090/mnh.v18i2.11554.

Aris, and Rosdalina Bukido. “Pemmali Culture in the Bugis Community versus Law Enforcement of Age of Marriage in the Religious Courts.” Jurnal Ilmiah Al-Syir’ah 20, no. 2 (2022): 206–25. https://doi.org/10.30984/jis.v20i2.2056.

Asmuni, Asmuni, and Rezha Nur Adikara Rezha Nur Adikara. “Application of Very Urgent Criteria in the Marriage Dispensation Norms for the Protection of Children: Analysis of Jasser Auda’s Theory.” Jurnal Hukum Islam 22, no. 1 (2024): 25–56. https://doi.org/10.28918/jhi_v22i1_2.

Azizah, Ulfi, and Nur Wahid. “Historisitas dan Tujuan Aturan Umur Minimal Perkawinan dalam Perundang-Undangan Keluarga Islam di Indonesia.” Volksgeist: Jurnal Ilmu Hukum dan Konstitusi 2, no. 2 (2019): 163–77. https://doi.org/10.24090/volksgeist.v2i2.2822.

Barkah, Qodariah, Arne Huzaimah, Siti Rachmiyatun, Andriyani, and Zulmi Ramdani. “Abandonment of Women’s Rights in Child Marriage; An Islamic Law Perspective.” Al-Ihkam: Jurnal Hukum Dan Pranata Sosial 17, no. 2 (2022): 383–411. https://doi.org/10.19105/al-Ihkam.v17i2.6725.

Dworkin, Ronald. Law’s Empire. Harvard University Press, 1988.

Eekelaar, John. “The Role of the Best Interests Principle in Decisions Affecting Children and Decisions about Children.” The International Journal of Children’s Rights 23, no. 1 (2015): 3–26. https://doi.org/10.1163/15718182-02301003.

Fadhli, Ashabul, Asasriwarni Asasriwarni, Elfia Elfia, and Muhammad Hizbi Islami. “Out-of-Court Assistance Based on the Principle of the Best Interests of the Child: Study on Examination Process of Marriage Dispensation Cases.” JURIS (Jurnal Ilmiah Syariah) 23, no. 1 (2024): 67–80. https://doi.org/10.31958/juris.v23i1.10281.

Fausi, Achmad, and Asmuni Asmuni. “Determination of the Minimum Age Limit for Marriage: Balancing Legal Supremacy and the Objectives of Sharia in Indonesian Marriage Law.” Mazahib 23, no. 1 (2024): 117–54. https://doi.org/10.21093/mj.v23i1.7611.

Ḥaḍramī, Sālim bin Sumayr. Matn Safīnah al-Najāh. Dār al-Minhāj, 2009.

Horii, Hoko. “Legal Reasoning for Legitimation of Child Marriage in West Java: Accommodation of Local Norms at Islamic Courts and the Paradox of Child Protection.” Journal of Human Rights Practice 12, no. 3 (2021): 501–23. https://doi.org/10.1093/jhuman/huaa041.

Ilhami, Haniah, Destri Budi Nugraheni, and Tata Wijayanta. “Child Protection Post the New Marriage Law: How Indonesian Religious Court Interpreting the Urgency in Child-Age Marriage.” Jurnal IUS Kajian Hukum dan Keadilan 11, no. 1 (2023): 75–95. https://doi.org/10.29303/ius.v11i1.1054.

Insani, Nur, Sumiyati Beddu, Rahmawati Rahman, Arpin Arpin, and Mohd Al Adib Samuri. “Judicial Considerations in Child Marriage Dispensations: An Empirical Study of the Gorontalo Religious Court.” Jurnal Ilmiah Al-Syir’ah 22, no. 1 (2024): 41–52. https://doi.org/10.30984/jis.v22i1.2066.

Irani, Morvarid, and Robab Latifnejad Roudsari. “Reproductive and Sexual Health Consequences of Child Marriage: A Review of Literature.” Journal of Midwifery and Reproductive Health 7, no. 1 (2019): 1491–7. https://doi.org/10.22038/jmrh.2018.31627.1342.

Ishom, Muhammad. “The Loose Interpretation of Dominus Litis Principle in Marriage Dispensation for Underage Marriage in Banten.” AHKAM: Jurnal Ilmu Syariah 23, no. 2 (2023): 329–50. https://doi.org/10.15408/ajis.v23i2.29881.

Julianto, Very, Raydinda Laili Shofa, Kamsi, Arini Haq, and Andrian Liem. “Judges’ Perspectives on Changes in the Legal Minimum Age at Marriage in Indonesia.” Journal of Family Studies 31, no. 1 (2025): 94–117. https://doi.org/10.1080/13229400.2024.2419870.

Kafidhoh, Siti, Nadzif Ali Asyari, Ali Mutakin Ali Mutakin, and Iqbal Saujan. “Dynamics of Legal Politics Regarding Marriage Age Limits in Indonesia: Between Religious Norms and Social Change.” Jurnal Hukum Islam 22, no. 2 (2024): 405–36. https://doi.org/10.28918/jhi.v22i2.06.

Lahilote, Hasyim Sofyan, A.A. Miftah, Yuliatin Yuliatin, and Rahmi Hidayati. “Judge’s Dilemma in Marriage Dispensation in the Religious Court.” Al-Risalah: Forum Kajian Hukum dan Sosial Kemasyarakatan 22, no. 1 (2022): 52–60. https://doi.org/10.30631/alrisalah.v22i1.979.

“Law No. 16 of 2019 on Amendments to Marriage Law No. 1 of 1974.” October 14, 2019. http://peraturan.bpk.go.id/details/122740/uu-no-16-tahun-2019.

“Marriage Law No. 1 of 1974.” January 2, 1974. http://peraturan.bpk.go.id/Details/47406/uu-no-1-tahun-1974.

Marzuki, Marzuki, Yasin Yetta, Muhammad Taufan Badollahi, Murniati Ruslan, and Suhri Hanafi. “The Implementation of Underage Marriage Dispensation in Palu Religious Court.” Review of International Geographical Education Online 11, no. 3 (2021): 565–69. https://doi.org/10.33403/rigeo.800521.

Mendoza Tascón, Luis Alfonso, Diana Isabel Claros Benítez, Laura Isabel Mendoza Tascón, et al. “Matrimonio Infantil: Un Problema Social, Económico y de Salud Pública.” Revista Chilena de Obstetricia y Ginecología 81, no. 3 (2016): 254–61. https://doi.org/10.4067/S0717-75262016000300013.

Mursyid, Salma, and Nasruddin Yusuf. “Changes in Marriage Age Limits and Marriage Dispensations: A Study of Causes and Impacts on the Religious Courts in North Sulawesi.” Samarah: Jurnal Hukum Keluarga dan Hukum Islam 6, no. 2 (2022): 975–96. https://doi.org/10.22373/sjhk.v6i2.12439.

Nabilah, Wardatun, Rido Putra, Fakhriyah Annisa Afroo, Nurjanah Nurjanah, and Etri Wahyuni. “Between Protection and Permissiveness: A Fiqh Siyasah Reexamination of Marriage Dispensation in Indonesia.” JURIS (Jurnal Ilmiah Syariah) 24, no. 1 (2025): 137–51. https://doi.org/10.31958/juris.v24i1.11882.

Nawawi, M Anwar, Sulastri Sulastri, Relit Nur Edi, and Agus Setiawan. “Harmonization of Islam and Human Rights: Judges’ Legal Arguments in Rejecting Child Marriage Dispensation in Sukadana, Indonesia.” Ijtihad: Jurnal Wacana Hukum Islam dan Kemanusiaan 22, no. 1 (2022): 117–34. https://doi.org/10.18326/ijtihad.v22i1.117-134.

Purwanti, Ani, and Aga Natalis. “Law as Text, Culture as Context: The Semiotics of Marriage Dispensation and Judicial Considerations in Indonesia.” International Journal for the Semiotics of Law - Revue Internationale de Sémiotique Juridique, ahead of print, September 27, 2025. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11196-025-10370-0.

Rifandanu, Farel, and Ayu Febrianti. “Early Marriage and Implications for Future Orientation in Islamic Law.” Contemporary Issues on Interfaith Law and Society 2, no. 2 (2023): 187–214. https://doi.org/10.15294/ciils.v2i2.69114.

Rismana, Daud, Hariyanto Hariyanto, Mabarroh Azizah, Ninik Zakiyah, and Abdul Rahim Hakimi. “The Controversy on the Minimum Age for Marriage in Indonesia: Factors and Implications.” Journal of Sustainable Development and Regulatory Issues (JSDERI) 2, no. 1 (2024): 53–66. https://doi.org/10.53955/jsderi.v2i1.21.

Rohmadi. “Preventing Child Marriage in Lampung: An Analysis of the Community Embedded Implementation Process Adopted for the Provincial Regulation Number 55 of 2021 and Its Harmonisation with Local Custom and Islamic Law.” Manchester Journal of Transnational Islamic Law and Practice 20, no. 3 (2024): 165–76.

Rohmadi, Rohmadi, Zezen Zainul Ali, Fajar Apriani, Helena Octavianne, and Cindera Permata. “Judges’ Considerations in Granting Marriage Dispensation Licenses in Indonesia: Islamic Family Law Perspective.” El-Usrah: Jurnal Hukum Keluarga 7, no. 1 (2024): 326–45. https://doi.org/10.22373/ujhk.v7i1.22597.

Rohman, Taufiqur, Muhammad Mahsus, Muhammad Abduh, and Gioia Arnone. “Preventing Violations of Religious and Social Norms: Judicial Interpretation of ‘Urgent Reasons’ in Marriage Dispensation at the Wonosari Religious Court, Indonesia.” Journal of Islamic Law 4, no. 2 (2023): 218–36. https://doi.org/10.24260/jil.v4i2.1535.

SM, “Judge of the Madiun Religious Court,” June 2024.

Sudirman, Siti Umrah, and Surahman. “Legal Dysfunction in Granting Dispensation to Underage Marriages In Indonesia.” Manchester Journal of Transnational Islamic Law and Practice 19, no. 2 (2023): 137–44.

Syahrudin Hidayat, Abdul Ghofur, and Ummul Baroroh. “The Norm of Marriage Age Limit and Cultural Contestation of Child Marriage Law in Rural Communities.” Jurnal Hukum Islam 21, no. 1 (2023): 55–82. https://doi.org/10.28918/jhi_v21i1_03.

Syufa’at, Syufa’at. “Marriage Dispensation in Underage Marriage: A Case Study at the Purwokerto Religious Court.” Al-Manahij: Jurnal Kajian Hukum Islam 16, no. 1 (2022): 91–102. https://doi.org/10.24090/mnh.v16i1.4229.

Ullah, Nazir, Saidatul Nadia Binti Abd Aziz, and Rao Qasim Idrees. “Child Marriages: International Laws and Islamic Laws Perspective.” Journal of Educational and Social Research 11, no. 3 (2021): 60–70. https://doi.org/10.36941/jesr-2021-0051.

Yuni, Lilik Andar. “Analysis of the Emergency Reasons in the Application of Marriage Dispensation at the Tenggarong Religious Court.” Samarah 5, no. 2 (2021): 976–1002. https://doi.org/10.22373/sjhk.v5i2.9135.

ʿUthaymīn, Muḥammad bin Ṣāliḥ. Al-Qawāʿid al-Fiqhiyyah. Dār al-Baṣīrah, 2008.

Published

28-11-2025

How to Cite

Berlina Cahya Putri, Otavia, Lukman Santoso, and Iqbal Saujan. 2025. “Why Pregnancy Is Not Enough: Judicial Interpretation of ‘Urgent Grounds’ in Child Marriage Dispensation Cases at the Madiun Religious Court”. Indonesian Journal of Sharia and Socio-Legal Studies 1 (2): 174-92. https://doi.org/10.24260/ijssls.1.2.117.