Examining Hermeneutical Complexity in al-Ṭabarī’s Literal Hermeneutics: Rethinking the Maʾthūr–Raʾy Dichotomy
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.24260/basmala.1.2.130Keywords:
Ibn Jarīr al-Ṭabarī, Qur’anic Exegesis, Literal Hermeneutics, Hadith-Based Interpretation, Divine AttributesAbstract
Abstract
This article investigates the hermeneutical tensions present in al-Ṭabarī’s Jāmiʿ al-Bayān, a work traditionally categorized as tafsīr bi al-maʾthūr. Utilizing qualitative content analysis of selected theological verses (Q. 2:255; Q. 2:29; Q. 38:34), in conjunction with historical contextualization, the study explores the extent to which al-Ṭabarī consistently adheres to his three stated hermeneutical principles: reliance on transmitted ḥadīth, rejection of raʾy-based interpretation, and commitment to the apparent textual meaning (ẓāhir). The analysis uncovers significant contextual negotiation of these principles, particularly in verses addressing the divine attributes (ṣifāt Allāh). In such instances, al-Ṭabarī selectively evaluates competing narrations, incorporates linguistic and rational analysis, and employs a form of controlled literalism tempered by theological qualification. These findings indicate that al-Ṭabarī’s hermeneutical approach reflects a principled adaptation shaped by pre-canonical ḥadīth evaluation and the socio-theological dynamics of the third-century Hijrī context, rather than a mechanical application of methodological declarations. By emphasizing exegetical practice over classificatory categories, this study challenges the analytical sufficiency of the maʾthūr–raʾy dichotomy and contributes to a more nuanced understanding of early Sunnī hermeneutics.
[Artikel ini mengkaji ketegangan hermeneutik yang terdapat dalam Jāmiʿ al-Bayān karya al-Ṭabarī, sebuah karya yang secara tradisional diklasifikasikan sebagai tafsīr bi al-maʾthūr. Dengan menggunakan analisis isi kualitatif terhadap sejumlah ayat teologis terpilih (Q. 2:255; Q. 2:29; Q. 38:34) serta pendekatan kontekstualisasi historis, penelitian ini menelaah sejauh mana al-Ṭabarī secara konsisten berpegang pada tiga prinsip hermeneutik yang ia nyatakan sendiri, yaitu ketergantungan pada ḥadīth yang ditransmisikan, penolakan terhadap penafsiran berbasis raʾy, dan komitmen terhadap makna tekstual yang lahiriah (ẓāhir). Analisis menunjukkan adanya negosiasi kontekstual yang signifikan terhadap prinsip-prinsip tersebut, khususnya pada ayat-ayat yang berkaitan dengan atribut-atribut ketuhanan (ṣifāt Allāh). Dalam konteks ini, al-Ṭabarī secara selektif mengevaluasi riwayat-riwayat yang saling bersaing, mengintegrasikan analisis kebahasaan dan rasional, serta menerapkan suatu bentuk literalisme terkontrol yang dibatasi oleh pertimbangan teologis. Temuan ini menunjukkan bahwa pendekatan hermeneutik al-Ṭabarī merefleksikan suatu adaptasi yang berprinsip, yang dibentuk oleh evaluasi ḥadīth pra-kanonik dan dinamika sosio-teologis abad ketiga Hijriah, alih-alih penerapan mekanis atas deklarasi metodologis semata. Dengan menekankan praktik eksegetis dibandingkan kategori klasifikatoris, kajian ini menantang kecukupan analitis dikotomi maʾthūr–raʾy dan berkontribusi pada pemahaman yang lebih bernuansa mengenai hermeneutika Sunni awal.]
References
Ahmad ibn Hanbal. Al-‘Ilal Wa Ma‘rifat al-Rijal. Dar al-Khani, 2001.
Al-Said Khalil, Mohamed Abdul Mun’im, and Nur Hafizi Yusof. “The Difference in Qur’anic Readings in The Interpretation of Al-Tabari and Its Effect on Jurisprundential Rulings: An Analytical Study” Jurnal Islam dan Masyarakat Kontemporari 16, no. 1 (January 2018): 111–26. https://doi.org/10.37231/jimk.2018.16.1.252.
Ash‘ari, Abu al-Hasan ‘Ali ibn Isma‘il al-. Maqalat Al-Islamiyyin Wa Ikhtilaf al-Musallin. Al-Maktabah al-‘Asriyyah, 2006.
‘Āsyūr, Muhammad al-Fāḍil ibn. At-Tafsīr Wa Rijāluhu. Kairo: Majma‘ al-Buḥūṯ al-Islāmiyyah al-Azhar, 2009.
A‘zami, Muhammad Mustafa. Studies in Hadith Methodology and Literature. Islamic Book Trust, 2002.
Boyalık, M. Taha. “Critique of the Discourse of Certainty in Tafsīr and the Reconstruction of the Tafsīr-Tawīl Distinction” İslam Araştırmaları Dergisi, no. 53 (January 2025): 117–54. https://doi.org/10.26570/isad.1539012.
Brown, Jonathan A. C. Hadith: Muhammad’s Legacy in the Medieval and Modern World. Oneworld, 2009.
Çoruh, Hakan. “Tradition, Reason, and Qur’anic Exegesis in the Modern Period: The Hermeneutics of Said Nursi.” Islam and Christian–Muslim Relations 28, no. 1 (January 2017): 85–104. https://doi.org/10.1080/09596410.2017.1280915.
Dhahabi, Muhammad ibn Husayn al-. At-Tafsīr Wa al-Mufassirūn. Dar al-Nawadir, 2010.
Goldziher, Ignaz. Mazhab Tafsir: Dari Aliran Klasik Hingga Modern. eLSAQ Press, 2010.
Ibn Ashur, Muhammad al-Tahir. Al-Tahrir wa al-Tanwir. Tunis: Al-Dar al-Tunisiyyah li-l-Nashr, 1984.
Ibn Hajar al-‘Asqalani. Tahdhib Al-Tahdhib. Dar al-Fikr, 1984.
———. Taqrib Al-Tahdhib. Dar al-Rashid, 1986.
Ibn Muhriz. Ma‘rifat al-Rijal ‘an Yahya Ibn Ma‘In. Dar al-Kutub al-‘Ilmiyyah, 1985.
Klar, Marianna. “Between History and Tafsīr: Notes on al-Tabari’s Methodological Strategies.” Journal of Qur’anic Studies 18, no. 2 (2016). https://doi.org/10.3366/jqs.2016.0240.
Koç, Mehmet Akif. “On the Allegedly Overstated Importance of Al-Tabari within the Sunni Exegetical Tradition.” Zeitschrift Der Deutschen Morgenländischen Gesellschaft, 2023. https://doi.org/10.13173/ZDMG.173.2.343
Maturidi, Abu Mansur al-. Ta’wilat Ahl al-Sunnah. Dar al-Kutub al-‘Ilmiyyah, 2005.
McAuliffe, Jane Dammen. “Qur’anic Hermeneutics: The Views of al-Tabari and Ibn Kathir.” In Qur’anic Hermeneutics. Piscataway, NJ: Gorgias Press, 2013.
Muqatil ibn Sulayman. Tafsir Muqatil Ibn Sulayman. Dar Ihya’ al-Turath, 2008.
Qattan, Manna‘ Khalil al-. Mabahith Fi ‘Ulum al-Qur’An. Manshurat al-‘Asr al-Hadith, 1975.
Sabuni, Muhammad ‘Ali al-. At-Tibyan Fi ‘Ulum al-Qur’An. Al-Bushra, 2011.
Saeed, Abdullah. Interpreting the Qur’an: Towards a Contemporary Approach. London: Routledge, 2006.
———. “Some Reflections on the Contextualist Approach to Ethico-Legal Texts of the Qur’an.” Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies 71, no. 2 (2008): 221–40.
Saleh, Walid A. “Preliminary Remarks on the Historiography of Tafsīr in Arabic: A History of the Book Approach.” Journal of Qur’anic Studies 12 (2010): 6–40.
———. “Rereading Al-Tabari through al-Maturidi: New Light on the Third Century Hijri.” Journal of Qur’anic Studies 18, no. 2 (2016): 180–209.
Shah, Mustafa. “Al-Tabari and the Dynamics of Tafsīr: Theological Dimensions of a Legacy.” Journal of Qur’anic Studies 15, no. 2 (2013). https://doi.org/10.3366/jqs.2013.0097.
Shahrastani, Muhammad ibn ‘Abd al-Karim al-. Al-Milal Wa al-Nihal. Mizan, 2004.
Stewart, Devin J. “Consensus, Authority, and the Interpretive Community in the Thought of Muhammad b. Jarir al-Tabari.” Journal of Qur’anic Studies 18, no. 2 (2016). https://doi.org/10.3366/jqs.2016.0241.
Tabari, Muhammad ibn Jarir al-. Tafsir Al-Tabari: Jami‘ al-Bayan ‘an Ta’wil Ay al-Qur’an. Maktabah Ibn Taymiyyah, 2000.
Tayyar, Musa‘id ibn Sulayman al-. Fushul Fi Usul Al-Tafsir. Dar al-Nasr al-Dawli, 1993.
Zarqani, ‘Abd al-‘Azim al-. Manahil Al-‘Irfan Fi ‘Ulum al-Qur’An. Dar al-Kutub al-‘Arabi, 1995.
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
Copyright and License
Copyright (c) 2025 Mukhammad Hubbab Nauval (Author)

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.







