Tolerated Religious Deviance in Indonesian Digital Islam: The Mama Ghufron Phenomenon

, ,
Published: 2026-06-30 Pages: 58-73 DOI: 10.66277/jrm.1.1.384

Abstract

The Mama Ghufron controversy in Indonesian digital Islam raises a broader question about how disputed religious authority is classified when strong doctrinal criticism does not develop into equivalent legal or security escalation. Using a qualitative, source-based case-study design, we examine mainstream media reports, official statements from the Indonesian Ulama Council (MUI), legal records from contrastive blasphemy cases, and scholarship on digital religion, mediated authority, platformization, and religious regulation. We employ tolerated religious deviance as the principal analytical category, referring to a condition in which religious claims remain publicly circulable under criticism without being doctrinally accepted or fully incorporated into criminal or security frameworks. The analysis shows that perceived eccentricity, limited political threat, institutional correction, fragmented media circulation, ridicule, and platform-conditioned visibility together shape this intermediate position. The MUI response demonstrates that toleration does not imply institutional silence, while comparison with the Lina Lutfiawati and Aulia Rakhman cases highlights how intentionality, sacred referents, public mobilization, and legal classification influence different trajectories of escalation. The Mama Ghufron case therefore reveals how movement-like religious formations may remain socially durable through controversy, correction, oppositional attention, and repeated circulation even when their authority is publicly disputed and their claims remain outside recognized standards of religious legitimacy. Conceptually, this framework clarifies how religious boundary-making operates between recognized authority, criminalized blasphemy, securitized threat, and publicly tolerated deviance.

Keywords

religious deviance Mama Ghufron digital religion Indonesian Islam religious authority counter-radicalism

Copyright

Copyright Holder: Mujtahid, Asmara Edo Kusuma, Muhammad Farhan Burhanudin

Copyright Year: 2026

License: Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License

References

Barker, Eileen. New Religious Movements: A Practical Introduction. London: HMSO, 1989.
Billig, Michael. Laughter and Ridicule: Towards a Social Critique of Humour. London: SAGE, 2005.
Bunt, Gary R. Hashtag Islam: How Cyber-Islamic Environments Are Transforming Religious Authority. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2018.
Campbell, Heidi A. Digital Creatives and the Rethinking of Religious Authority. London: Routledge, 2021.
Campbell, Heidi A., and Ruth Tsuria, eds. Digital Religion: Understanding Religious Practice in Digital Media. 2nd ed. New York: Routledge, 2022. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780429295683.
Crouch, Melissa A. “Law and Religion in Indonesia: The Constitutional Court and the Blasphemy Law.” Asian Journal of Comparative Law 7, no. 1 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1515/1932-0205.1391.
Dawson, Lorne L. Comprehending Cults: The Sociology of New Religious Movements. 2nd ed. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2006.
Febrian, Harry. “Visualizing Authority: Rise of the Religious Influencers on the Instagram.” Social Media + Society 10, no. 4 (2024): 1-19. https://doi.org/10.1177/20563051241286850.
Fealy, Greg. “Consuming Islam: Commodified Religion and Aspirational Pietism in Contemporary Indonesia.” In Expressing Islam: Religious Life and Politics in Indonesia, edited by Greg Fealy and Sally White, 15-39. Singapore: ISEAS Publishing, 2008.
Hailal, Fikri, and Lailiyatun Nafisah. “Peran Fatwa Ulama dan Fenomena Dakwah Mama Ghufron: Telaah Kritis terhadap Fatwa MUI Jawa Timur Nomor 06 Tahun 2022 tentang Etika Dakwah di Era Digital.” In Proceedings of the 8th International Annual Conference on Fatwa MUI, 99-110. 2024. https://fatwamui.com/storage/645/IACFS-2024-book.pdf.
Hew, Wai Weng. “The Art of Dakwah: Social Media, Visual Persuasion and the Islamist Propagation of Felix Siauw.” Indonesia and the Malay World 46, no. 134 (2018): 61-79. https://doi.org/10.1080/13639811.2018.1416757.
Husein, Fatimah, and Martin Slama. “Online Piety and Its Discontent: Revisiting Islamic Anxieties on Indonesian Social Media.” Indonesia and the Malay World 46, no. 134 (2018): 80-93. https://doi.org/10.1080/13639811.2018.1415056.
Indonesian Supreme Court Decision Directory. Putusan PN Palembang Nomor 726/Pid.Sus/2023/PN Plg, Lina Lutfiawati alias Lilu alias Lina Mukherjee binti Abdul Mukhit. September 19, 2023. https://putusan3.mahkamahagung.go.id/direktori/putusan/zaee56c76548c420bac3313533343439.html.
Islamy, Athoillah. “Sinergitas Pancasila dan Fatwa tentang Etika Dakwah di Era Digital.” POROS ONIM: Jurnal Sosial Keagamaan 4, no. 1 (2023): 12-23. https://doi.org/10.53491/porosonim.v4i1.542.
Majelis Ulama Indonesia. “MUI Dorong Ada Penyelesaian Sikapi Polemik Mama Ghufron.” July 9, 2024. https://mui.or.id/baca/berita/mui-dorong-ada-penyelesaian-sikapi-polemik-mama-ghufron.
Majelis Ulama Indonesia. “Respons Polemik Mama Ghufron, MUI Lakukan Kajian Termasuk Video Call dengan Malaikat Maut.” July 9, 2024. https://mui.or.id/baca/berita/respons-polemik-mama-ghufron-mui-lakukan-kajian-termasuk-video-call-dengan-malaikat-maut.
Majelis Ulama Indonesia Provinsi Jawa Timur. Fatwa Nomor 06 Tahun 2022 tentang Etika Dakwah di Era Digital. 2022. https://muijatim.or.id/wp-content/uploads/2022/09/Fatwa-No.6-Tahun-2022-tentang-Etika-Dakwah-di-Era-Digital.pdf.
Meyer, Birgit, and Annelies Moors, eds. Religion, Media, and the Public Sphere. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2006.
Midaada, Avirista. “Geger Ponpes UNIQ Nusantara Malang Usai Ceramah Bahasa Semut Abuya Ghufron.” SINDOnews, June 28, 2024. https://daerah.sindonews.com/read/1405031/704/geger-ponpes-uniq-nusantara-malang-usai-ceramah-bahasa-semut-abuya-ghufron-1719547619.
Midaada, Avirista. “Filosofi Ceramah Bahasa ‘Semut’ Abuya Mama Ghufron Ulama Ponpes di Malang.” Okezone News, June 28, 2024. https://news.okezone.com/read/2024/06/28/519/3027333/filosofi-ceramah-bahasa-semut-abuya-mama-ghufron-ulama-ponpes-di-malang.
Midaada, Avirista. “Viral Ceramah Abuya Ghufron, Ulama Ponpes di Malang yang Mengaku Bisa Bahasa Semut.” iNews, June 28, 2024. https://www.inews.id/regional/jatim/viral-ceramah-abuya-ghufron-ulama-ponpes-di-malang-yang-mengaku-bisa-bahasa-semut.
Mutmainah J. “Ngaku Bisa Bahasa Semut, Abuya Ghufron Ulama Ponpes dari Malang Viral.” Jatim Times, June 29, 2024. https://jatimtimes.com/baca/315269/20240629/044200/ngaku-bisa-bahasa-semut-abuya-ghufron-ulama-ponpes-dari-malang-viral.
Nieborg, David B., and Thomas Poell. “The Platformization of Cultural Production: Theorizing the Contingent Cultural Commodity.” New Media & Society 20, no. 11 (2018): 4275-4292. https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444818769694.
Nisa, Eva F. “Social Media and the Birth of an Islamic Social Movement: ODOJ (One Day One Juz) in Contemporary Indonesia.” Indonesia and the Malay World 46, no. 134 (2018): 24-43. https://doi.org/10.1080/13639811.2017.1416758.
Reuters. “Indonesian Court Jails Comedian for Joking about the Name Muhammad.” June 11, 2024. https://www.reuters.com/world/asia-pacific/indonesian-court-jails-comedian-joking-about-name-muhammad-2024-06-11/.
Slama, Martin. “Practising Islam through Social Media in Indonesia.” Indonesia and the Malay World 46, no. 134 (2018): 1-4. https://doi.org/10.1080/13639811.2018.1416798.
Telle, Kari. “Faith on Trial: Blasphemy and ‘Lawfare’ in Indonesia.” Ethnos 83, no. 2 (2018): 371-391. https://doi.org/10.1080/00141844.2017.1282973.
Turner, Bryan S. “Religious Authority and the New Media.” Theory, Culture & Society 24, no. 2 (2007): 117-134. https://doi.org/10.1177/0263276407075001.
Tyson, Adam. “Blasphemy and Judicial Legitimacy in Indonesia.” Politics and Religion 14, no. 1 (2021): 182-205. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1755048319000427.
van Dijck, José, and Thomas Poell. “Understanding Social Media Logic.” Media and Communication 1, no. 1 (2013): 2-14. https://doi.org/10.17645/mac.v1i1.70.
Widoyo, Agus Fatuh, Muhammad Abduh, M. Abduh Amrie, and Athoillah Islamy. “Moderation of Religion in the Fatwa of Majelis Ulama Indonesia about the Ethics of Da’wah in the Digital Age.” Jurnal Ilmu Dakwah 43, no. 1 (2023): 107-119. https://doi.org/10.21580/jid.v43.1.16053.