Fiqh Punishment and Copyright Infringement: Reassessing Islamic Criminal Law on Intellectual Property Crimes
Abstract
Although foundational principles such as protection of property (ḥifẓ al-māl) and the right to justice (ḥaqq al-‘adālah) are well established within Islamic legal discourse, significant ambiguity persists regarding the classification of intellectual property rights violations. This study seeks to critically re-examine the notion of discretionary punishments (ta‘zīr) and reconsider appropriate sanctions for individuals involved in intellectual property crimes. It articulates the principles of Islamic criminal sanctions in relation to copyright, understood as legitimate authorship rights (ḥaqq al-ta’līf). This study discursively reconceptualizes piracy not only as intellectual theft (sariqah fikriyyah) but also as a violation of protection of property and sanctity of creative work (ḥurmah al-‘amal al-ibdā‘ī). The findings indicate that the multifaceted issues related to intellectual rights are influenced by economic factors, technological advancements, and a widespread culture of 'copying rights, which compromises both the moral and economic rights of creators. This study argues that Islamic legal discourse has substantive implications for reformulating the criminal sanction system related to copyright offenses, thereby rendering it more quantifiable and responsive to the contextual needs of the public interest (maṣlaḥah ‘āmmah). This study contributes to the global discourse on intellectual property governance by demonstrating the enduring relevance of Islamic criminal law in addressing contemporary challenges associated with the digital knowledge economy.
Keywords
Fiqh Punishment
Copyright Infringement
Islamic Criminal Law
Authorship Rights
Intellectual Property Crimes
Copyright
Copyright Holder: Izhar Arjuna
Copyright Year: 2026
License: Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License
References
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Ajabe-Alhat, Rahi, Divyanshu Priyadarshi, Urvesh Chaudhery, and Sharmila Devi Ramchandran. “Intellectual Property Rights in the Digital Era: Exploring the Legal Aspects of Copyright in the Context of Digital Content Sharing and Online Platform.” Journal of Ecohumanism 3, no. 8 (18 December 2024): 7668–75. https://doi.org/10.62754/joe.v3i8.5391.
Al-Nahari, Ameen Ahmed Abdullah Qasem, Abu Talib Mohammad Monawer, Luqman Bin Haji Abdullah, Abdul Karim Bin Ali, Noor Naemah Binti Abdul Rahman, and Meguellati Achour. “Common Conceptual Flaws in Realizing Maqāṣid Al-Sharīʿah Vis-à-Vis Islamic Finance.” ISRA International Journal of Islamic Finance 14, no. 2 (5 September 2022): 190–205. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJIF-12-2020-0259.
Al-Mawardi, Abu al-Hasan 'Ali ibn Muhammad Ibn Habib. Al Aḥkām Al-Sulṭāniyah. Kuwait: al Maktabah Daar ibn Qutaibah, 1989.
Alsudairy, S, and S Basu. “Interpreting Sharia Law of Torts in Online Copyright Infringements: A Roadmap for Judges in Saudi Courts.” Arab Law Quarterly, 2025. https://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/224325/.
Amanullah, Muhammad. “Author’s Copyright: An Islamic Perspective.” The Journal of World Intellectual Property 9, no. 3 (May 2006): 301–15. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1422-2213.2006.00279.x.
Anjum, Rehana. ‘An Introduction of Intellectual Property Rights in Islamic Law.” SSRN Electronic Journal, 2019. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3397868.
Asmuni, Asmuni, Yusdani Yusdani, and Januariansyah Arfaizar. “Dynamics Response of Indonesian Islamic Law to the Protection of Intellectual Property Rights.” Ulumuna 27, no. 2 (18 May 2024): 876–904. https://doi.org/10.20414/ujis.v27i2.749.
Azmi, Ida Madieha, and Engku Rabiah Adawiyah Engku Ali. “Legal Impediments to the Collateralization of Intellectual Property in the Malaysian Dual Banking System.” Asian Journal of Comparative Law 2, no. 1 (25 January 2007): 1–34. https://doi.org/10.2202/1932-0205.1031.
Belhaj, Abdessamad. “‘Abū Yaʿrub Al-Marzūqī and His Critique of the Maqāṣid Theory.” Religions 14, no. 9 (21 September 2023): 1212. https://doi.org/10.3390/rel14091212.
Brandl, Kristin, Izzet Darendeli, and Ram Mudambi. “Foreign Actors and Intellectual Property Protection Regulations in Developing Countries.” Journal of International Business Studies 50, no. 5 (July 2019): 826–46. https://doi.org/10.1057/s41267-018-0172-6.
Bt. Abdul Ghani Azmi, Ida Madieha. “The Philosophy of Intellectual Property Rights over Ideas in Cyberspace: A Comparative Analysis between the Western Jurisprudence and the Shari’ah.” Arab Law Quarterly 19, no. 1 (2004): 191–208. https://doi.org/10.1163/026805504774478391.
Darmawati, Darmawati. “Islamic Law and Copyright in Academic World: The Dynamic Debates between Privatization and Distribution of Knowledge.” Mazahib 17, no. 1 (30 June 2018): 23–45. https://doi.org/10.21093/mj.v17i1.948.
Dolgun, Muhammed Habib. ‘Property Rights According to the Qurʿān and Sunnah and Their Economic Implications for Contemporary Societies.” SRA International Journal of Islamic Finance 8, no. 1 (2016): 93–121.
Durham, Cole. “Corte Interamericana de Derechos Humanos.” Revista Latinoamericana de Derecho Religión 1, no. NE (2022): 1–27. https://doi.org/10.7764/RLDR.NE01.009.
Ebrahim, Tabrez Y. ‘Intellectual Property Through a Non-Western Lens: Patents in Islamic Law.” Georgia State University Law Review 37, no. 3 (2021): 789–903.
Elbakyan, Alexandra, and John Bohannon. “Data from: Who’s Downloading Pirated Papers? Everyone.” Dryad, 22 April 2017. https://doi.org/10.5061/DRYAD.Q447C.
Elmahjub, Ezieddin. “An Islamic Perspective on the Theories of Intellectual Property.” In Copyright Perspectives, edited by Brian Fitzgerald and John Gilchrist, 51–84. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2015. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-15913-3_5.
Elmahjub, Ezieddin. An Islamic Vision of Intellectual Property: Theory and Practice. 1st ed. United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press, 2019. https://doi.org/10.1017/9781316863398.
Elmahjub, Ezieddin. “Islamic Jurisprudence as an Ethical Discourse: An Enquiry into the Nature of Moral Reasoning in Islamic Legal Theory.” Oxford Journal of Law and Religion 10, no. 1 (13 November 2021): 16–42. https://doi.org/10.1093/ojlr/rwaa023.
Ercanbrack, Jonathan G., and Ali Ali. “The New Legalities of Islamic Contractual Interpretation: Institutional Frameworks and the Displacement of Intention.” International Journal of Islamic and Middle Eastern Finance and Management 17, no. 6 (30 October 2024): 1196–1212. https://doi.org/10.1108/IMEFM-03-2024-0156.
Hanifa, Aulia Nur. “Fiqh Approach to the Legal Protection of Intellectual Property Rights of Writers in the Special Region of Yogyakarta.” Thesis, Universitas Islam Indonesia, 2025. https://dspace.uii.ac.id/handle/123456789/55565.
Harahap, Zul Anwar Ajim. “Reconstruction of Online Gambling Sanctions in Indonesia: A Comparative Analysis of Ta’zir Sanctions and Penalties of the Electronic Information and Transaction Law.” Al-Istinbath: Jurnal Hukum Islam 10, no. 1 (27 April 2025): 130–53. https://doi.org/10.29240/jhi.v10i1.11314.
Hasan, Samiul. “Islamic Jurisprudence: Sources and Traditions Creating Diversity in Human Relationships.” In the Muslim World in the 21st Century, edited by Samiul Hasan, 23–42. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2012. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-2633-8_2.
Islamic Fiqh Academy. Resolutions and Recommendations of the Council of the Islamic Fiqh Academy: 1985-2000. Jeddah: Islamic Development Bank, 2000.
Ismail, Ismail, Busyro Busyro, Nofiardi Nofiardi, Fajrul Wadi, and Hanif Aidhil Alwana. “The Contribution of ‘Urf to the Reform of Islamic Inheritance Law in Indonesia.” Al-Risalah: Forum Kajian Hukum Dan Sosial Kemasyarakatan 22, no. 2 (28 December 2022): 165–78. https://doi.org/10.30631/alrisalah.v22i2.1243.
Lestari, Wilda. “Ta’zir Crimes in Islamic Criminal Law: Definition Legal Basis Types and Punishments.” Al-Qanun: Jurnal Kajian Sosial dan Hukum Islam 5, no. 1 (30 March 2024): 22–32. https://doi.org/10.58836/al-qanun.v5i1.21486.
Lotito, Gianna, Anna Maffioletti, Matteo Migheli, and Giovanni B. Ramello. “Women in Piracy. Experimental Perspectives on Copyright Infringement.” Review of Law & Economics, 5 May 2025. https://doi.org/10.1515/rle-2025-0004.
Lowe, Julie. “Ḥanafī Approaches to Copyright.” Islamic Law and Society 30, no. 3 (26 December 2022): 249–75. https://doi.org/10.1163/15685195-bja10033.
Lutes, Brent, Joshua Gans, Shane Greenstein, Adam B. Jaffe, Abhishek Nagaraj, Imke Reimers, Michael D. Smith, Rahul Telang, Catherine E. Tucker, and Joel Waldfogel. “Identifying the Economic Implications of Artificial Intelligence for Copyright Policy.” Context and Direction for Economic Research. United States: Social Science Research Network, 2025. https://www.ssrn.com/abstract=5143605.
Machin-Mastromatteo, Juan D, Alejandro Uribe-Tirado, and Maria E Romero-Ortiz. “Piracy of Scientific Papers in Latin America: An Analysis of Sci-Hub Usage Data.” Information Development 32, no. 5 (November 2016): 1806–14. https://doi.org/10.1177/0266666916671080.
Malkawi, Bashar H. “The Alliance Between Islamic Law and Intellectual Property: Structure and Practice.” University of St. Thomas Law Journal 10, no. 3 (2013): 618–49. https://doi.org/0168-ssoar-64156-3.
Mappasessu, Mappasessu, and Andi Muhammad Akmal. “Studying Fiqh Based on the Quran and Hadith in the Modern Era by Revisiting the Methodology of Legal Istinbat.” Nuris Journal of Education and Islamic Studies 5, no. 2 (21 April 2025): 151–67. https://doi.org/10.52620/jeis.v5i2.119.
Mehta, Dhvani, and Debadityo Sinha. “Penalties and Compensation.” In the Oxford Handbook of Environmental and Natural Resources Law in India, edited by Philippe Cullet, Lovleen Bhullar, and Sujith Koonan, 1st ed., 785–804. United Kingdom: Oxford University Press, 2024. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198884682.013.44.
Meirison, Meirison, and Zerly Nazar. “Intellectual Property Rights and Monopoly in the Perspective of Islamic Jurisprudence.” Al-Ahkam 31, no. 1 (29 April 2021): 49–68. https://doi.org/10.21580/ahkam.2021.31.1.6656.
Melhem, Basem, Hitham Haloosh, and Qais Ali Mahafzah. “The Perspective of Moral and Financial Rights of Intellectual Property in Islam.” Arab Law Quarterly 23, no. 4 (2009): 457–68. https://doi.org/10.1163/157302509X467399.
Moshrefi, Ali, Amir Mollah Mohammad Ali, and Mahmoud Ghayoumzadeh. “Intellectual Property from the Perspective of Islamic Jurisprudence and Law.” Economic Jurisprudence Studies, 2022, 977–92.
Mukhtar, Sohaib, Zinatul Ashiqin Zainol, and Sufian Jusoh. “Islamic Law and Trademark Protection.” Malaysian Journal of Syariah and Law 7, no. 1 (6 June 2018): 1–28. https://doi.org/10.33102/mjsl.vol6no1.56.
Naim, Nadia. “The Ethical Considerations for a New Model of Intellectual Property Protection Under Sharia Law Principles in the GCC States.” In Ethical Discourse in Finance, edited by Marizah Minhat and Nazam Dzolkarnaini, 247–70. Palgrave Studies in Impact Finance. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-81596-7_12.
Naim, Nadia, and Noor Suhaida Kasri. “Intellectual Property and Islamic Finance: Opportunities and Challenges for a New Islamic Intellectual Property Finance Framework.” Thunderbird International Business Review 67, no. 3 (May 2025): 395–412. https://doi.org/10.1002/tie.22430.
Obinna Johnkennedy, Chukwu, and Ainakhuagbor Aimiomode. “The Media and Respect for Intellectual Property in Nigeria: Trends, Implications and New Perspectives.” MSI Journal of Arts, Law and Justice 2, no. 2 (24 February 2025): 34–42. https://doi.org/10.5281/ZENODO.15073028.
Organization of Academic Cooperation. Resolutions and Recommendations of the International Islamic Fiqh Academy. Jeddah: International Islamic Fiqh Academy, 2021.
Pokrovskaya, Anna. “Copyright Infringement of Photographs on E-Commerce Platforms.” Journal of Comprehensive Business Administration Research 2, no. 1 (30 July 2024): 53–62. https://doi.org/10.47852/bonviewJCBAR42022794.
Qarāfī, Shihāb al-Dīn al-. Sharḥ Tanqīḥ Al-Fuṣūl. Beirut: Dār al-Fikr, 2004.
Ratnawati, Erna Tri Rusmala, and Rizqi Samera Al Farizi. “Protection of Intellectual Property Rights in the Perspective of Islamic Law.” Millah: Journal of Religious Studies, 28 August 2023, 337–408. https://doi.org/10.20885/millah.vol22.iss2.art4.
Ṣāliḥ, ‘Abd al-Karīm. “Al-Iṭār al-Qānūnī Li Tadābir al-Ḥimāyah al-Tiknūlūjiyah Li al-Muṣannafāt al-Raqmiyyah Dirāsah Taḥlīliyah Muqāranah.” Journal of Legal and Political Studies 3, no. 5 (1 April 2015): 168–201. https://doi.org/10.17656/jlps.10062.
Sharma, Siddhartha, Rahul Telang, and Alejandro Zentner. “The Impact of Digitization on Print Book Sales: Analysis Using Genre Exposure Heterogeneity.” Manufacturing & Service Operations Management 27, no. 2 (March 2025): 408–24. https://doi.org/10.1287/msom.2022.0594.
Udoh, Gabriel Peter. “The Protection of Literary Works under Article 2 of the Berne Convention and Its Acceptability in EU Countries.” Research Paper. United States: Social Science Research Network, 2020. https://www.ssrn.com/abstract=3562239.
Warta Ekonomi. “Kemenekraf Berkomitmen Berantas Pembajakan Film Indonesia.” Warta Ekonomi, 2025. https://wartaekonomi.co.id/read564940/kemenekraf-berkomitmen-berantas-pembajakan-film-indonesia?page=1.
Adam, Ainee. “Pricing and Profiting in Copyright: Introducing an Islamic Perspective.” Queen Mary Journal of Intellectual Property 10, no. 2 (9 June 2020): 152–78. https://doi.org/10.4337/qmjip.2020.02.01.
Ajabe-Alhat, Rahi, Divyanshu Priyadarshi, Urvesh Chaudhery, and Sharmila Devi Ramchandran. “Intellectual Property Rights in the Digital Era: Exploring the Legal Aspects of Copyright in the Context of Digital Content Sharing and Online Platform.” Journal of Ecohumanism 3, no. 8 (18 December 2024): 7668–75. https://doi.org/10.62754/joe.v3i8.5391.
Al-Nahari, Ameen Ahmed Abdullah Qasem, Abu Talib Mohammad Monawer, Luqman Bin Haji Abdullah, Abdul Karim Bin Ali, Noor Naemah Binti Abdul Rahman, and Meguellati Achour. “Common Conceptual Flaws in Realizing Maqāṣid Al-Sharīʿah Vis-à-Vis Islamic Finance.” ISRA International Journal of Islamic Finance 14, no. 2 (5 September 2022): 190–205. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJIF-12-2020-0259.
Al-Mawardi, Abu al-Hasan 'Ali ibn Muhammad Ibn Habib. Al Aḥkām Al-Sulṭāniyah. Kuwait: al Maktabah Daar ibn Qutaibah, 1989.
Alsudairy, S, and S Basu. “Interpreting Sharia Law of Torts in Online Copyright Infringements: A Roadmap for Judges in Saudi Courts.” Arab Law Quarterly, 2025. https://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/224325/.
Amanullah, Muhammad. “Author’s Copyright: An Islamic Perspective.” The Journal of World Intellectual Property 9, no. 3 (May 2006): 301–15. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1422-2213.2006.00279.x.
Anjum, Rehana. ‘An Introduction of Intellectual Property Rights in Islamic Law.” SSRN Electronic Journal, 2019. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3397868.
Asmuni, Asmuni, Yusdani Yusdani, and Januariansyah Arfaizar. “Dynamics Response of Indonesian Islamic Law to the Protection of Intellectual Property Rights.” Ulumuna 27, no. 2 (18 May 2024): 876–904. https://doi.org/10.20414/ujis.v27i2.749.
Azmi, Ida Madieha, and Engku Rabiah Adawiyah Engku Ali. “Legal Impediments to the Collateralization of Intellectual Property in the Malaysian Dual Banking System.” Asian Journal of Comparative Law 2, no. 1 (25 January 2007): 1–34. https://doi.org/10.2202/1932-0205.1031.
Belhaj, Abdessamad. “‘Abū Yaʿrub Al-Marzūqī and His Critique of the Maqāṣid Theory.” Religions 14, no. 9 (21 September 2023): 1212. https://doi.org/10.3390/rel14091212.
Brandl, Kristin, Izzet Darendeli, and Ram Mudambi. “Foreign Actors and Intellectual Property Protection Regulations in Developing Countries.” Journal of International Business Studies 50, no. 5 (July 2019): 826–46. https://doi.org/10.1057/s41267-018-0172-6.
Bt. Abdul Ghani Azmi, Ida Madieha. “The Philosophy of Intellectual Property Rights over Ideas in Cyberspace: A Comparative Analysis between the Western Jurisprudence and the Shari’ah.” Arab Law Quarterly 19, no. 1 (2004): 191–208. https://doi.org/10.1163/026805504774478391.
Darmawati, Darmawati. “Islamic Law and Copyright in Academic World: The Dynamic Debates between Privatization and Distribution of Knowledge.” Mazahib 17, no. 1 (30 June 2018): 23–45. https://doi.org/10.21093/mj.v17i1.948.
Dolgun, Muhammed Habib. ‘Property Rights According to the Qurʿān and Sunnah and Their Economic Implications for Contemporary Societies.” SRA International Journal of Islamic Finance 8, no. 1 (2016): 93–121.
Durham, Cole. “Corte Interamericana de Derechos Humanos.” Revista Latinoamericana de Derecho Religión 1, no. NE (2022): 1–27. https://doi.org/10.7764/RLDR.NE01.009.
Ebrahim, Tabrez Y. ‘Intellectual Property Through a Non-Western Lens: Patents in Islamic Law.” Georgia State University Law Review 37, no. 3 (2021): 789–903.
Elbakyan, Alexandra, and John Bohannon. “Data from: Who’s Downloading Pirated Papers? Everyone.” Dryad, 22 April 2017. https://doi.org/10.5061/DRYAD.Q447C.
Elmahjub, Ezieddin. “An Islamic Perspective on the Theories of Intellectual Property.” In Copyright Perspectives, edited by Brian Fitzgerald and John Gilchrist, 51–84. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2015. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-15913-3_5.
Elmahjub, Ezieddin. An Islamic Vision of Intellectual Property: Theory and Practice. 1st ed. United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press, 2019. https://doi.org/10.1017/9781316863398.
Elmahjub, Ezieddin. “Islamic Jurisprudence as an Ethical Discourse: An Enquiry into the Nature of Moral Reasoning in Islamic Legal Theory.” Oxford Journal of Law and Religion 10, no. 1 (13 November 2021): 16–42. https://doi.org/10.1093/ojlr/rwaa023.
Ercanbrack, Jonathan G., and Ali Ali. “The New Legalities of Islamic Contractual Interpretation: Institutional Frameworks and the Displacement of Intention.” International Journal of Islamic and Middle Eastern Finance and Management 17, no. 6 (30 October 2024): 1196–1212. https://doi.org/10.1108/IMEFM-03-2024-0156.
Hanifa, Aulia Nur. “Fiqh Approach to the Legal Protection of Intellectual Property Rights of Writers in the Special Region of Yogyakarta.” Thesis, Universitas Islam Indonesia, 2025. https://dspace.uii.ac.id/handle/123456789/55565.
Harahap, Zul Anwar Ajim. “Reconstruction of Online Gambling Sanctions in Indonesia: A Comparative Analysis of Ta’zir Sanctions and Penalties of the Electronic Information and Transaction Law.” Al-Istinbath: Jurnal Hukum Islam 10, no. 1 (27 April 2025): 130–53. https://doi.org/10.29240/jhi.v10i1.11314.
Hasan, Samiul. “Islamic Jurisprudence: Sources and Traditions Creating Diversity in Human Relationships.” In the Muslim World in the 21st Century, edited by Samiul Hasan, 23–42. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2012. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-2633-8_2.
Islamic Fiqh Academy. Resolutions and Recommendations of the Council of the Islamic Fiqh Academy: 1985-2000. Jeddah: Islamic Development Bank, 2000.
Ismail, Ismail, Busyro Busyro, Nofiardi Nofiardi, Fajrul Wadi, and Hanif Aidhil Alwana. “The Contribution of ‘Urf to the Reform of Islamic Inheritance Law in Indonesia.” Al-Risalah: Forum Kajian Hukum Dan Sosial Kemasyarakatan 22, no. 2 (28 December 2022): 165–78. https://doi.org/10.30631/alrisalah.v22i2.1243.
Lestari, Wilda. “Ta’zir Crimes in Islamic Criminal Law: Definition Legal Basis Types and Punishments.” Al-Qanun: Jurnal Kajian Sosial dan Hukum Islam 5, no. 1 (30 March 2024): 22–32. https://doi.org/10.58836/al-qanun.v5i1.21486.
Lotito, Gianna, Anna Maffioletti, Matteo Migheli, and Giovanni B. Ramello. “Women in Piracy. Experimental Perspectives on Copyright Infringement.” Review of Law & Economics, 5 May 2025. https://doi.org/10.1515/rle-2025-0004.
Lowe, Julie. “Ḥanafī Approaches to Copyright.” Islamic Law and Society 30, no. 3 (26 December 2022): 249–75. https://doi.org/10.1163/15685195-bja10033.
Lutes, Brent, Joshua Gans, Shane Greenstein, Adam B. Jaffe, Abhishek Nagaraj, Imke Reimers, Michael D. Smith, Rahul Telang, Catherine E. Tucker, and Joel Waldfogel. “Identifying the Economic Implications of Artificial Intelligence for Copyright Policy.” Context and Direction for Economic Research. United States: Social Science Research Network, 2025. https://www.ssrn.com/abstract=5143605.
Machin-Mastromatteo, Juan D, Alejandro Uribe-Tirado, and Maria E Romero-Ortiz. “Piracy of Scientific Papers in Latin America: An Analysis of Sci-Hub Usage Data.” Information Development 32, no. 5 (November 2016): 1806–14. https://doi.org/10.1177/0266666916671080.
Malkawi, Bashar H. “The Alliance Between Islamic Law and Intellectual Property: Structure and Practice.” University of St. Thomas Law Journal 10, no. 3 (2013): 618–49. https://doi.org/0168-ssoar-64156-3.
Mappasessu, Mappasessu, and Andi Muhammad Akmal. “Studying Fiqh Based on the Quran and Hadith in the Modern Era by Revisiting the Methodology of Legal Istinbat.” Nuris Journal of Education and Islamic Studies 5, no. 2 (21 April 2025): 151–67. https://doi.org/10.52620/jeis.v5i2.119.
Mehta, Dhvani, and Debadityo Sinha. “Penalties and Compensation.” In the Oxford Handbook of Environmental and Natural Resources Law in India, edited by Philippe Cullet, Lovleen Bhullar, and Sujith Koonan, 1st ed., 785–804. United Kingdom: Oxford University Press, 2024. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198884682.013.44.
Meirison, Meirison, and Zerly Nazar. “Intellectual Property Rights and Monopoly in the Perspective of Islamic Jurisprudence.” Al-Ahkam 31, no. 1 (29 April 2021): 49–68. https://doi.org/10.21580/ahkam.2021.31.1.6656.
Melhem, Basem, Hitham Haloosh, and Qais Ali Mahafzah. “The Perspective of Moral and Financial Rights of Intellectual Property in Islam.” Arab Law Quarterly 23, no. 4 (2009): 457–68. https://doi.org/10.1163/157302509X467399.
Moshrefi, Ali, Amir Mollah Mohammad Ali, and Mahmoud Ghayoumzadeh. “Intellectual Property from the Perspective of Islamic Jurisprudence and Law.” Economic Jurisprudence Studies, 2022, 977–92.
Mukhtar, Sohaib, Zinatul Ashiqin Zainol, and Sufian Jusoh. “Islamic Law and Trademark Protection.” Malaysian Journal of Syariah and Law 7, no. 1 (6 June 2018): 1–28. https://doi.org/10.33102/mjsl.vol6no1.56.
Naim, Nadia. “The Ethical Considerations for a New Model of Intellectual Property Protection Under Sharia Law Principles in the GCC States.” In Ethical Discourse in Finance, edited by Marizah Minhat and Nazam Dzolkarnaini, 247–70. Palgrave Studies in Impact Finance. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-81596-7_12.
Naim, Nadia, and Noor Suhaida Kasri. “Intellectual Property and Islamic Finance: Opportunities and Challenges for a New Islamic Intellectual Property Finance Framework.” Thunderbird International Business Review 67, no. 3 (May 2025): 395–412. https://doi.org/10.1002/tie.22430.
Obinna Johnkennedy, Chukwu, and Ainakhuagbor Aimiomode. “The Media and Respect for Intellectual Property in Nigeria: Trends, Implications and New Perspectives.” MSI Journal of Arts, Law and Justice 2, no. 2 (24 February 2025): 34–42. https://doi.org/10.5281/ZENODO.15073028.
Organization of Academic Cooperation. Resolutions and Recommendations of the International Islamic Fiqh Academy. Jeddah: International Islamic Fiqh Academy, 2021.
Pokrovskaya, Anna. “Copyright Infringement of Photographs on E-Commerce Platforms.” Journal of Comprehensive Business Administration Research 2, no. 1 (30 July 2024): 53–62. https://doi.org/10.47852/bonviewJCBAR42022794.
Qarāfī, Shihāb al-Dīn al-. Sharḥ Tanqīḥ Al-Fuṣūl. Beirut: Dār al-Fikr, 2004.
Ratnawati, Erna Tri Rusmala, and Rizqi Samera Al Farizi. “Protection of Intellectual Property Rights in the Perspective of Islamic Law.” Millah: Journal of Religious Studies, 28 August 2023, 337–408. https://doi.org/10.20885/millah.vol22.iss2.art4.
Ṣāliḥ, ‘Abd al-Karīm. “Al-Iṭār al-Qānūnī Li Tadābir al-Ḥimāyah al-Tiknūlūjiyah Li al-Muṣannafāt al-Raqmiyyah Dirāsah Taḥlīliyah Muqāranah.” Journal of Legal and Political Studies 3, no. 5 (1 April 2015): 168–201. https://doi.org/10.17656/jlps.10062.
Sharma, Siddhartha, Rahul Telang, and Alejandro Zentner. “The Impact of Digitization on Print Book Sales: Analysis Using Genre Exposure Heterogeneity.” Manufacturing & Service Operations Management 27, no. 2 (March 2025): 408–24. https://doi.org/10.1287/msom.2022.0594.
Udoh, Gabriel Peter. “The Protection of Literary Works under Article 2 of the Berne Convention and Its Acceptability in EU Countries.” Research Paper. United States: Social Science Research Network, 2020. https://www.ssrn.com/abstract=3562239.
Warta Ekonomi. “Kemenekraf Berkomitmen Berantas Pembajakan Film Indonesia.” Warta Ekonomi, 2025. https://wartaekonomi.co.id/read564940/kemenekraf-berkomitmen-berantas-pembajakan-film-indonesia?page=1.
How to Cite
Fiqh Punishment and Copyright Infringement: Reassessing Islamic Criminal Law on Intellectual Property Crimes. (2026). Contemporary Fiqh Studies, 1(1), 1–18. https://doi.org/10.66277/cfs.v1i1.285
